Skydiving Equipment

Skydiving Equipment
An Explanation of Options

Contents

Section 1 – Foreword

1. Congratulations! You have begun the process of purchasing your own equipment perhaps for the first time or maybe looking for something newer and more exciting. Whatever your requirements, you are certainly looking forward to having your new equipment and progressing your skydiving.

2. However, the different configurations of Skydiving Equipment can be confusing and daunting to a first time buyer. You may be thinking what are Cut in Laterals? What is a Pull Out System? What makes a Rig Free Fly Friendly? How is a Main Assisted Reserve Deployment different to a Reserve Static Line? Maybe you have never heard of some of these systems or terms.

3. Skydiving has many disciplines and it is important you understand the equipment and your requirements. Some disciplines require specialist options whereas others do not. In addition, some equipment will not work together. These issues could be expensive mistakes at best and cause life changing injuries or death at worst. This document explains the different systems and options to allow you to understand the different types of equipment and options available from Manufacturers. It is not a substitute for speaking with Instructors and Riggers however it will allow you to understand the adverts people post and options available.

4. Whether you have just completed your A-Licence or you are progressing to your C-Licence, I trust you will find this document helpful and it will explain the common options on equipment allowing you to get more out of your equipment whatever your needs and requirements. Blue Skies.

Stuart Meacock
Chief Instructor – Hinton Skydiving centre

Section 2 – Disclaimer

5. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this document, it is not advice nor is it a substitute for speaking with Instructors and Riggers. The purpose of this document is to explain some of the different options available from a range of manufacturers, not to advise you on your requirements. This is not an exhaustive list and does not include specialist systems like Removable Deployment Systems. In addition, not all manufacturers will offer all of the options stated in this document.

6. Prior to buying any equipment, new or used, it is strongly recommended you speak with qualified Instructors and Riggers about your needs and the equipment you wish to purchase. Furthermore, it is strongly recommended you have any used equipment inspected by a qualified Rigger. Remember, a parachute is a piece of life saving equipment.

7. This document does not endorse any manufacturer and the inclusion of a piece of equipment in this document whether by written, visual or any other means, does not constitute an endorsement and/or recommendation. Some images have been digitally altered to remove brand names and identifying markers. The creator of the document would like to thank the owners of the equipment who kindly allowed photographs to be taken.

Section 3 – Overview

8. Right from the start of the Accelerated Free Fall Programme you are introduced to the main skydiving components. The Rig is the skydiving term for the entire parachute system including the Harness, Container, Main Canopy and deployment system, Reserve Canopy and deployment system along with any auxiliary system like a Reserve Static Line and Automatic Activation Device.

Section 3.1 – About the Rig

9. At first glance it looks a reasonably straightforward piece of equipment, a harness and container storing 2 canopies. Your Instructor told you what to jump. Step away from student gear and it becomes a complex world of options, disciplines and canopy types.

10. This is where the Rig is designed to hold multiple configurations. It can hold different sizes of Main and Reserve Canopy, different deployment systems and be adapted for different disciplines. It is important to select equipment suitable for your skill level and skydiving disciplines. Some of these design features vary across manufacturers, some manufacturers will include them in the base price, others they are a paid for option.

Section 3.1 – Common Selling Configurations

11. Sellers will sell equipment in a variety of formats, the most common are listed below. This can help and hinder the process of buying equipment depending on your requirements.

12. You can request the Reserve Packing Card in addition to the Rig Information Tab which will tell you how many times the Reserve has been repacked and deployed and the Rig Information Tab will give you the Serial Numbers, Date of Manufacture, Container and Harness size. These are generally found either behind the orange large Technical Standard Order Label on the back pad (you do not need to open the Container) or inside the Reserve Closing Flap. You can contact the Manufacturer to understand the exact measurements provided to them although some sellers will tell you this. Make sure you understand the limitations of any equipment like suspended weight and the suitability for your disciplines prior to purchasing to prevent an expensive mistake or worse.

13. An Automatic Activation Device (AAD) will give you an idea of the number of jumps the Rig has done. While the Automatic Activation Device may have been replaced or bought second hand, it will give you some questions to ask the seller. You can find out how to access the jump numbers of an Automatic Activation Device from the Manufacturers website.

14. Prior to buying a rig, you may wish to check the Manufacturers website to see if any safety notices are in force for the equipment. Some of these notices are due at the next repack whereas others are due before the next jump. Any safety notices dated after the date of manufacture for your equipment may apply. If you are unsure, check with a British Parachute Association Advanced Packer or Rigger.

15. You may wish to consider getting yourself measured before buying equipment so you can understand whether a piece of equipment is more likely to fit you.

16. Full Rig – This is the sale of a full Rig including its canopies although might not include an Automatic Activation Device. It will contain the main components however you will need to speak with the seller to understand the optional extras that the equipment has. This is ideal for people who want a ready to jump configuration however you may find the Main Canopy is unsuitable. Some sellers are willing to split the set up and sell the Main Canopy separately and you purchase the Container, Reserve and Automatic Activation Device (if fitted) however others may not want to.

Figure 1: An example of a ready to jump Rig © Tom Hill

17. Container, Reserve and AAD – The sale of the Container, Reserve and Automatic Activation Device (AAD). The Rig will contain the components of the Main Deployment System (Main Risers, Deployment Bag, Pilot Chute and Bridle) however it will not contain the Main Canopy. Make sure your intended canopy will fit into the container prior to purchasing. You can contact the manufacturer/look at the Manufacturer’s website to understand this. You will need to know the container size and the Main Canopy Manufacturer, Size and Canopy Name. This will give you the pack volume of the canopy and volume of the container.

Figure 2: Example of Container, Reserve and AAD. The Main Deployment System and Automatic Activation Device are out of shot. © Tom Hill

18. This set up is ideal if you wish to purchase your Main Canopy separately, for example if you are putting in a larger one, ensuring you do not exceed the manufacturers design limits.

19. Container and Reserve - Like Container, Reserve and AAD however it does not contain an Automatic Activation Device. You must be a British Skydiving (BS) B-Licence or above to jump a Rig that does not have an Automatic Activation Device fitted. If one is fitted and it has expired, it must be removed or replaced prior to jumping the Rig because if an Automatic Activation Device is fitted it must be switched on.

20. Container Only - This is the container only however it will come with the Reserve Deployment System (Reserve Freebag and Pilot Chute) and the Main Deployment System however double check with the seller this is the case. You must understand the size of the Harness and Container to ensure it will fit you and the Canopies which can be fitted. While this option is not for everyone, it allows you to inspect the entire container set up.

Figure 3: An example of a Container Only. The Reserve Deployment System and Main Deployment Systems are out of shot. © Tom Hill

21. Automatic Activation Device Only – This is the sale of the Automatic Activation Device. An Automatic Activation Device has a finite life, CYPRES® 2’s manufactured during December 2015 and earlier have a life of 12.5 years from the date of manufacture with a mandatory service at 4 and 8 years; CYPRES® 2’s manufactured during 2016 have a 12.5 year life from the date of manufacture with a recommended service at 4 and 8 years and those manufactured after January 2017 have a 15.5 year service life from the date of manufacture with a recommended service at 5 and 10 years. The Vigil® 2+ has a 20 year life from the date of manufacture with a battery change every 10 years or 2000 jumps whichever is soonest. To calculate how much you should pay, take the Recommended Retail Price and divide it by the number of years left on the unit.

22. Reserve Canopy Only – This is the sale of the Reserve Canopy only. You will need to check that the Reserve will fit in your container prior to purchase. All Reserve Canopies must come with a packing card showing the number of repacks and deployments, this card stays with the Reserve, not the container. Some Reserve Canopies have a certified life of 20 years and those older must be returned to the manufacturer for recertification or be destroyed. Some manufacturers state the Reserve it must be returned to them for inspection if it has more than a certain number of deployments. Therefore make sure you understand how many deployments it has had.

Figure 4: New Reserve Canopy in its packaging. © Tom Hill

23. Reserve Canopies have a Maximum Suspended Weight (your weight, clothes and any equipment), sometimes known as Exit Weight, that must not be exceeded under any circumstances.

24. You must be a BS Advanced Rigger to conduct any repair work on Reserve Canopies and you must be at least a BS Advanced Packer to assemble/pack a Reserve Canopy or interact with the Reserve Deployment System.

25. Main Canopy Only – This is the sale of the Main Canopy only. You will need to confirm it will fit in your container and it is suitable for your experience level and skill. The Main Canopy will not come with Main Risers as the Main Risers belong to the Rig/Container. You will need to hold a BS Approved Packing Certificate or above to attach a Main Canopy to the Main Risers.

26. If the Main Canopy does come with Main Risers, you must ensure they are compatible with your container. Reverse Mounted Risers are not compatible with the majority of containers. Failure to check compatibility could result in major injury or death as you could be unable to cut away from a malfunctioned Main Canopy.

Section 3.2 – Compatibility and Suitability

27. Mismatching components can result in injury or death. Therefore, it is important you ensure the components of a Rig are suitable for your discipline and can work together. The different options available are explained later in this document. If you are in any doubt whether an item is compatible with your equipment, speak with the Manufacturer or a Rigger.

28. Canopy Size – The Main Canopy and Reserve Canopy need to be a similar size. A mismatched Main and Reserve could end in disaster because of the different flight characteristics if you have 2 canopies out. However, you must ensure both canopies are not a tight fit, also known as a full fit, in the container. This can result in a container lock malfunction meaning a canopy will not deploy. The Container Manufacturer will have a sizing chart of what size/pack volume of canopy can fit in its container.

29. Reverse Mounted Risers – Reverse Mounted Risers were developed by Parachutes de France to prevent the Main Risers breaking as a result of them being pierced by the locking string of the 3 Ring Release System, a problem that is now unheard of. These risers are not compatible with most manufacturers because Front Mounted Risers are mounted towards the chest whereas Reverse Mounted Risers must be mounted on the shoulders. Using Reverse Mounted Risers on non-compatible equipment can make a cut away impossible which could result in severe injury or death.

Figure 5: Reverse mounted Risers on a Skydiver (left) compared to Front Mounted Risers (right). Note the higher position of the 3 Ring Release System on the Reverse Mounted Risers. © Tom Hill

30. Deployment Systems – The Pull Out deployment system, also known as a Pin Pull or Throw Out system, is not permitted for Wingsuiting and you must be a BS C-Licence to use it. In addition, Leg Mounted Throwaway deployment is unsuitable for Freeflying because of the risk of a premature deployment. Some deployment systems offer better protection when Freeflying for example the Freefly Pud and Freefly Hackey because of their lower profile or use of a tuck tab to keep them more secure.

31. Freefly Friendly – A term used to describe a Rig is suitable for the demands and higher speeds of Freeflying which can involve speeds of over 140 Miles per Hour and the wind affecting the gear from multiple directions compared to Formation Skydiving at 120 Miles Per Hour and the gear being affected in a Belly to Earth position. Freefly Friendly equipment has stiffer flaps, fewer edges that can catch the wind and minimal to no exposed bridle compared to non Freefly Friendly equipment in addition to other innovations.

Section 3.3 – Certification

32. Skydiving equipment must be certified for use in a country however there are some international standards which equipment can be certified by. This shows the equipment has passed the required tests to meet the certification. A certification being granted does not mean the equipment is immune from manufacturing errors nor does the absence of a certification mean it is dangerous. You must speak with a Rigger if you have any questions about how your equipment is built.

33. Technical Standard Order C23 (TSO C23) – This is likely in the context ‘Fully certified under TSO C23’ or ‘Fully TSO’ed’. Technical Standard Order C23 is a Federal Aviation Authority standard that skydiving Harnesses, Containers and Reserves must meet in order to be sold in the United States. Not all equipment is certified to TSO C23. If your equipment is not certified to TSO C23, you can jump it in the United States for personal use only. In addition, some skydiving federations will not allow you to jump non TSO C23 certified equipment beyond a certain timeframe from arrival for example 3 months. In any case, the foreign federation will require the equipment you jump to be certified in your home nation. Make sure you check the requirements with the country you are visiting. The letter after the TSO is a subsection, for example TSO C23 (d).

34. Removal of any TSO label will void the certification so ensure it is intact and present.

Figure 6: An example of a TSO C23 on a Skydiving Container (Left). The TSO label may be in other places. If this label is present on the Container, the Harness and Container information may be behind it. Others have the TSO C23 label in the Reserve Pin Cover Flap (right). © Tom Hill

Section 4 – The Harness, Container, Risers and Main Deployment Bag

35. The Harness, Container, Risers and Deployment Bag are the key components of the Rig. They do not change. The Container, Harness and Reserve Risers are one construction whereas the Deployment Bag and Main Risers are separate items however they must remain with the Rig as they may not be compatible with another manufacturer as they are designed for that Rig and Rig Size. Mismatched components can lead to serious injuries, premature deployment or no deployment at all.

Section 4.1 – The Harness

36. The Harness is one of the key components of the Rig; it must be comfortable for the wearer and fit properly. If it does not fit properly, it can result in poor performance or worst case death.

37. Many years ago, the Harness and Container used to be 2 separate pieces of equipment. On modern equipment, the Container and Harness is one complete piece although they still perform 2 different functions. If you are measured, the measurements dictate the Harness size which the Container is attached to. It is possible to have the same measurements and an array of Container sizes however if you change the Container size, you will need a completely new Container and Harness set up. While it is possible to alter a Harness, this can only be done by a BS Advanced Rigger and the price can vary considerably. In some cases, it is more cost effective to buy a new rig. This section explains the options available on harnesses with the options on the container explained in a different section.

38. Standard Harness – This is the most basic version available using stitching to create the joins at the Leg Straps and Chest Strap. However if the Harness becomes damaged, it could result in the replacement of the entire Harness.

Figure 7: Standard Harness with stitching at the Chest Strap and Leg Straps. © Tom Hill

39. Hip Rings – A Harness where metal rings are used for the junction between the vertical part of the Harness and the Leg Straps. Some manufacturers use the same ring as the Harness Ring on the 3 Ring Release System, others use a circular ring. When combined with Chest Rings, this created a Fully Articulated Harness, sometimes known as Full Rings.

Figure 8: Harness with Hip Rings Only. Note the wrapped Chest Strap join and Stainless Steel ring at the Leg Straps. © Tom Hill

40. Chest Rings – A Harness where metal rings are used for the junction between the vertical part of the Harness and the Chest Strap. When combined with Leg Rings, this creates a Fully Articulated Harness, sometimes known as Full Rings.

Figure 9: Chest Rings on a Harness. © Tom Hill

41. Fully Articulated Harness/Full Rings – Where metal rings are used at joins with the Leg Straps and Chest Strap instead of a stitched webbing join. Fully Articulated Harnesses can make the Harness more comfortable and compliant with the wearers’ body which can be useful for Free Flying. In addition, if part of the Harness becomes damaged, it may mean that only that component needs to be replaced which can result in a cheaper repair compared to replacing an entire harness.

Figure 10: Fully Articulated Harness with Hip and Chest Rings © Tom Hill

42. Stainless Steel Hardware – An option which uses Stainless Steel for the construction of metal hardware on the Harness like Chest Rings, Hip Rings, Reserve Static Line connector and the 3 Ring Release System. Stainless Steel does not lose its shine over time.

Figure 11: Stainless Steel Hardware on the left compared to Standard/Cadmium Plated on the right. Note the dull colour of the Standard Hardware compared to the Stainless Steel Hardware. © Tom Hill

43. Standard Hardware/Cadmium Plated – The standard construction of metal hardware on a Harness. This uses Cadmium plated metal and does not retain its shine unlike Stainless Steel.

44. Black Hardware – An option offered by some manufacturers which creates a black finish on metal hardware. A black finish does not mean the component is immune to rust damage. Rust has been reported on black finished hardware because of the underlying metal used. As with any hardware, check for rust in all areas.

45. Cut In Laterals – An option on equipment which allows the Harness to wrap around the waist of the wearer similar to a back. As a result, the Rig is less likely to move on the wearer and is preferred for disciplines like Free Flying. The Laterals start towards the middle of the Rig as opposed to from the edges hence the name Cut In.

Figure 12: Cut in Lateral on the left compared to Standard Laterals on the right. Note the Cut in Laterals are attached closer to the centre of the Container compared to Standard Laterals on the edge of the Container. © Tom Hill

46. Spacer Foam – An optional extra for foam padding on the Leg Straps and Back Pad to make the Rig more comfortable to wear.

Figure 13: Rig with spacer foam on the back pad, laterals and leg straps. It is preferred by some skydivers due to the comfort. © Tom Hill

47. Reserve Handle – A metal handle for the Reserve Ripcord that will initiate the deployment of the Reserve when pulled.

Figure 14: Metal Reserve Handle on the left and Soft Reserve Handle on the right. The blue cable is the Spectra® Reserve Rip Cord. © Tom Hill

48. Soft Reserve Handle – Preferred by some Freeflyers due to the lower snag risk, the Soft Reserve Handle replaces the Metal Reserve Handle as a method to initiate the deployment of the Reserve.

49. Chest Strap – There are 2 choices of Chest Strap – Type 8 wide style and Type 17 narrow style. Both are rated to the same strength due to the metal hardware used for the buckle.

Section 4.2 – The Container

50. The Container is the second key component of a Rig. While the Container is a single construction with the Harness, its role is to house the Main and Reserve Canopies whereas the Harness is designed to fit the wearer.

51. The Container is designed to fit a specific range and type of Canopies. Always refer to the container manufacturer to confirm which sizes will fit into it. The size of the Canopy can be measured in Square Feet and Pack Volume. A Canopy (or set of canopies as mentioned in Compatibility) that is too tight for the Container may not deploy at all whereas a Canopy that is too small could deploy prematurely as it does not apply enough pressure on the closing pin.

52. Tuck Tab Riser Covers – The standard option on most modern sports skydiving equipment. This system uses tuck tabs to secure the Riser Covers and ensure they remain secure until the Main Canopy is deployed. Older equipment uses Velcro which wears out over time and can damage the Harness and Container through abrasion.

Figure 15: Tuck Tab Riser Covers (left) and Magnetic Riser Covers (right) prior to closing. Note the 2 discs in the photo on the right which are the magnets. © Tom Hill

53. Magnetic Riser Covers – An optional extra. The magnets secure the Riser Cover better than standard Tuck Tabs meaning the Riser Cover is less likely to come open in free fall. Some Speed Skydiving Coaches list them as a mandatory piece of equipment if you are doing Speed Skydiving and require 3 magnets.

54. Internal Riser Covers – An optional extra that protects the Riser and Brakes within the Container.

55. Dynamic Corners/Cut Out Corners – A specialist option designed for Wingsuit Skydiving. The corners of the Main Deployment Tray are not joined in a box shape to allow an easier lateral extraction of the Main Deployment Bag and Canopy.

Figure 16: The bottom of a rig with Dynamic Corners, note it is not sewn in a box shape. © David Fullstone.

56. Pin Stripes, Tie Dye, Binding Tape Colour – These are cosmetic options that do not affect the performance of the equipment. On new equipment, you can customise to your liking however customisations are often not included in the base price.

57. Container Material – Skydiving Containers are generally made from Cordura® Nylon however, other materials are now available for example Ballistic Nylon. The material properties vary so do confirm them with the manufacturer. Generally, Cordura ® is more abrasion resistant whereas Ballistic Nylon is more tear resistant. In any case, a well maintained container will last for 1000’s of jumps.

Figure 17: Weave of Ballistic Nylon. © David Fullstone.

Section 4.3 – Risers

58. Large 3 Ring Release System/Standard 3 Ring Release System – The version of the 3 Ring Release System that uses the large rings and Type 8 webbing for the Main Risers. This system is mandatory on student equipment and is the original set up of the 3 Ring Release System. When using this system, you will not be able to pull the slider behind your head, you will need Mini Rings on Type 17 webbing to do this. However the force required for a Cut Away is much lower on large rings due to their mechanical advantage.

59. Mini Rings/Mini 3 Ring Release System – This uses small rings for the 3 Ring Release System on Type 17 or Type 8 webbing. On Type 17 webbing, it causes less aerodynamic drag than the standard 3 Ring Release System and is favoured by some for its looks however it requires more force to cut away due to lower mechanical advantage by the system. To address this, some manufacturers have extended the middle ring to increase the mechanical advantage provided.

Figure 18: Large 3 Ring Release System on Type 8 Risers (left) compared to Mini Rings on Type 8 Risers (right). Note the difference in the final ring size compared to the Riser Grommet. © Tom Hill

60. Reserve Risers – These are the Risers for the Reserve Parachute and are typically made of the same material as the Harness.

Figure 19: Reserve Risers made of Type 7 webbing. Note the red Reserve Handles. © Tom Hill

61. Reverse Mounted Risers – This was developed by some manufacturers to address the issue of Mini Risers breaking on deployment, an event which is almost un-heard of today. Reverse mounting the risers prevents the need to pierce the webbing used for construction in order to attach the Risers to the Harness. Manufacturers that have pierced the Riser have reinforced the Riser to compensate. The Harness Ring for Reverse Risers must sit towards the shoulder of the wearer in order to work properly. If it does not, the system will not function as designed. You must check whether your container is compatible with Reverse Risers.

Figure 20: Mounted Risers (left) looking from the wearers back vs Front Mounted Risers right looking from the wearers front. Note there is no piercing of the Riser with Reverse Mounted Risers. © Tom Hill

62. Cut Away Hard Housing – A hard housing within the Main Riser for the cut away cables. This allows the Skydiver to cut away if they have line twists. If you are buying used equipment, it may not have this option.

Figure 21: Cut Away Hard Housing within the Main Riser. © Tom Hill

Figure 22: Cut Away Hard Housing close up. © Tom Hill

63. Front Loops – Loops which are attached to the Front Risers to change the angle of attack on a Canopy. Front Loops allow the Skydiver to pull the nose of the Canopy down and improve diving performance. Some have a Louie Loop configuration where the top of the handle will come over the connection of the Riser to the Canopy Lines and pulls the loop closer to the top of the riser. This is typically used for swooping.

Figure 23: Main Riser with Front Loops (Louie Loop configuration). © Tom Hill

Figure 24: Front Loop in a Louie Loop configuration close up. © Tom Hill

64. Velcro Brake Toggles – An option offered by some manufacturers on their Main Risers although rarely seen on modern equipment due to the abrasion damage to webbing and lines that occurs. They are found on older equipment. However, they can keep the brake toggles more secure and for this reason they are normally used on Reserve Parachutes.

Figure 25: Velcro Brake toggles. Note: the red loop in this image is a dive loop, not a Reserve Handle. © Tom Hill

65. Velcro-less Brake Toggles – The standard option and preferred by most sports Skydivers for their Main Canopies.

66. Main Soft Links – Nylon links used to attach the Main Canopy to the Risers. They are preferred by some skydivers because they do not damage the Slider Grommets. Always used the Soft Links recommended by the Manufacturer.

Figure 26: Main Canopy Lines attached to the Main Risers with Soft Links. © Tom Hill

67. Mallion® Rapide Links – Metal links used to attach a Canopy to the Risers. Do check with the Container/Canopy manufacturer the correct links have been used. They must be Mallion® Rapide links or have a stamped rating in Newtons. Be aware of cheap imitations or ones bought from hardware shops.

Figure 27: Main Canopy Lines attached to Main Risers with Mallion® Rapide Links. © Tom Hill

Section 4.4 – Main Deployment Bag

68. There are 3 types of Main Deployment Bag: the Stowed Deployment Bag which stows the line up until the final 18 inches using Bungees or Tube Stows, Semi Stowless which has locking grommets using Bungees or Tube Stows and then uses S-Folds for the remaining line and Fully Stowless. It is down to personal preference which system is used. For Reserves, a Semi Stowless Free Bag is used by some manufacturers. Some Deployment Bags travel up the Bridle to cover the Pilot Chute although this is rare and causes a lot of wear and tear on the Bridle. Canopy Formation Skydivers use a Diaper to protect the canopy and collapse the Pilot Chute.

69. It is important you select the correct size of Deployment Bag for your Container. Failure to do so can result in premature openings, no opening, injury or death. Furthermore, the Deployment Bag belongs to the Rig not the Canopy.

70. Stowed Deployment Bag – This Deployment Bag uses Bungees or Tube Stows to stow the line until the final 18 inches which is required for the bag to fit into the Container.

71. Semi Stowless Deployment Bag – This has locking grommets and Bungees or Tube Stows to close the bag with the remaining line S-Folded into a pouch which uses either Tuck Tabs or Magnets.

Figure 28: Semi Stowless Bag. Note the absence of bungees on the bag apart from around the grommets. © Tom Hill

72. Stowless Deployment Bag – No grommets to close the bag with the line S-Folded into a pouch which uses either Tuck Tabs or Magnets.

Section 5 – Main Canopy Deployment: Methods, the Main Pilot Chute and Bridle

73. This section explains the deployment of the Main Canopy. There are many methods and the one you choose will depend on the discipline of Skydiving you pursue, personal preference and qualifications. The most common amongst sport skydivers is the Throwaway Bottom of Container method where the Handle is attached to the Pilot Chute and stored in a pouch at the Bottom of the Container.

Section 5.1 – Methods of Deployment

74. Bottom of Container – This is the most common place where the deployment of the Main Canopy begins. The Pilot Chute or Handle is stored at the Bottom of the Container. This allows 2 systems to be used, a Throw Away Pilot Chute and Pull Out/Throw Out system.

a. Throw Away Pilot Chute – This is where the Handle is attached to the Pilot Chute and has the largest variety of Handles available. The Pilot Chute and Handle is thrown into the airstream to deploy the Main Canopy.

i. PVC Tube – The standard option for many manufacturers consisting of a PVC tube attached to the Pilot Chute and has a low snag hazard.

Figure 29: PVC Tube at the Bottom of the Container. © Tom Hill

ii. Free Fly Pud – A fabric handle that is used by Free Flyers due to its streamlined characteristic and tuck tab to prevent high speed premature deployments. This Handle is used on the Throw Out System/Pull Out System.

Figure 30: Freefly Pud at the Bottom of Container. © Tom Hill

iii. Hackey – A ball a couple of inches in diameter favoured by some Skydivers due to its large size and distinctive feel in the hand. This is suitable for Free Flying however some coaches do not recommend them for Speed Skydiving.

Figure 31: Hackey at the Bottom of Container. © Tom Hill

iv. Free Fly Hackey – Like the standard Hackey but has a tuck tab to improve security.

Figure 32: Freefly Hackey, note the Red Tuck Tab which improves security at the Bottom of Container. © Tom Hill

v. Monkey Fist – Similar to the Hackey but uses Para Cord to make the handle.

b. Throw Out/Pull Out/Pin Pull System – This uses a Free Fly Pud attached to a straight pin via a bridle which opens the Container. The Pilot Chute is inside the Container instead of attached to the handle. Some systems use Velcro to secure the handle to the Container although this can wear out so others offer a Velcro-less system. This system prevents Horse Shoe and Pilot Chute in Tow Malfunctions however it cannot be used by Wingsuiters and those who do not hold a BS C-Licence or above.

Figure 33: Throw Out/Pull Out/Pin Pull system. Note the straight closing pin and grommet to the right of the pin in the bridle cover. © Tom Hill

75. Leg Strap Stored – Found on some older equipment and a modification by some skydivers to newer equipment, the Pilot Chute is stored in a pouch on the Leg Strap. This can be used by Skydivers who cannot reach the bottom of their container with ease. Free Flying is not permitted with Leg Strap Stored Pilot Chutes due to the risk of a premature deployment.

76. Ripcord – Some student equipment contains a rip cord housing however this method is generally found on Ram Air Progression System equipment and not seen amongst sport skydivers for their Main Canopies. This uses a handle mounted on the Harness which when pulled will release a Spring Loaded Main Pilot Chute. Although rare amongst sport Skydivers for Main Canopies, this system is still used for the Reserve Canopy.

Section 5.2 – The Main Pilot Chute

77. The Pilot Chute has the role of deploying the Main or Reserve Canopy and the incorrect Pilot Chute can result in a hard deployment because it produces too much drag or might not deploy the Main Canopy if it is worn out. The Pilot Chute can become neglected because it is dragged over the Drop Zone so it is important to keep them in good condition.

78. Despite all Pilot Chutes having the same role, there are different types of Pilot Chute and Netting depending on the discipline.

79. 28” Zero Porosity – The standard Pilot Chute used by Skydivers.

80. 30” F-111 – Used to produce more drag due to the larger surface area however they do not last as long as Zero Porosity Pilot Chutes. Sometimes used by Wingsuiters because of the lower speeds therefore requiring a larger Pilot Chute to generate the force required and reduce the risk of a Pilot Chute in Tow malfunction.

81. Low Drag Netting – The standard netting used on Pilot Chutes.

82. High Drag Netting – Used on Pilot Chutes where high drag is required, for example Wingsuiting or Canopy Formation where vertical deployment speeds are much lower.

Section 5.3 – The Bridle and Pin

83. The Bridle connects the Pilot Chute to the Main Deployment Bag and can be a standard piece of webbing, contain a kill line or shock cord to collapse the Pilot Chute. The shock cord option is rare amongst sport Skydivers. A collapsible Pilot Chute is required for higher performance canopies.

84. Tape Bridle (No Kill Line) – The Bridle which is found on student equipment and does not contain a Kill Line to collapse the Pilot Chute after deployment.

85. Kill Line Bridle – Also known as a Centre Kill Line, the most common bridle amongst sport Skydivers which uses a centre cord that is shorter than the Bridle to collapse the Main Pilot Chute after deployment. The Pilot Chute is cocked when packing to ensure the Pilot Chute functions correctly. A cocked Pilot Chute will show a different colour in the window, a gap in the Bridle. You can tell if the Kill Line is too short as it will be taught inside the Pilot Chute. A line that is the correct length will have some slack.

Figure 34: A cocked Main Pilot Chute showing green in the viewing window, hence the term Green in the window. © Tom Hill

86. Shock Cord Kill Line – A Bridle that uses a bungee shock cord to collapse the Pilot Chute. Rarely seen on sports Skydiving equipment and must not be used with F-111 Pilot Chutes.

87. Wingsuit Bridle – Usually 3 foot longer than a standard bridle, favoured by some Wingsuiters because it is more likely to clear the large burble created by the Wingsuit.

88. Lolon® Cable – This replaces the curved metal pin and is favoured by some skydivers due to the long length. Therefore, the risk of a premature deployment as a result of pin movement is lower.

Figure 35: Lolon® cable replacing the metal Curved Main Closing Pin. © Tom Hill

Section 6 – The Main Canopy

89. The Main Canopy has a variety of designs from 7 Cell to Cross Braced and Square to Fully Elliptical. The design of the Canopy influences its flying characteristics, pilot skill level and pack volume. In addition, canopies are made of different materials which influence the pack volume.

Section 6.1 – Materials

90. Manufacturers use different materials for their canopies from Zero Porosity to Low Pack Volume and F-111. Some materials are chosen over others for their performance and others to produce a lower pack volume.

91. Zero Porosity – This material does not let any air through and is found in many canopies. This material has a high pack volume.

92. Low Pack Volume Material – Also known as Low Porosity. This material reduces the pack volume of the Canopy although has a higher porosity than Zero Porosity material. Some manufacturers have developed their own patented system for canopy materials. Low Pack Volume Material is used to manufacture Reserve Canopies.

93. Hybrid Canopies – This uses a combination of Low Pack Volume and Zero Porosity Material for example a Low Pack Volume Material bottom skin and Zero Porosity top skin.

94. F-111 Nylon – F-111 Nylon is used on older Main Canopies although should be avoided due to its high porosity on old equipment.

95. Maximum Suspended Weight – Abbreviated to MSW. This is the maximum weight that can be suspended from the Canopy. This includes your body weight, clothes, helmet, altimeter and Rig. This weight must not be exceeded. If it is exceeded, serious injury or death is possible along with equipment damage. Furthermore, the suspended weight influences the flying characteristics of the Canopy.

Section 6.2 – Shape and Cells

96. The shape of the Canopy greatly influences the flying characteristics. Square canopies are docile whereas Fully Elliptical canopies are for high performance. Always speak to an Instructor before selecting a canopy and consider your experience level. In addition, check the operating procedures of a dropzone you are visiting, especially in a foreign country as they may be more restrictive than your home dropzone.

97. Square – Used on student equipment and many sports canopies. The square shape provides a docile canopy.

Figure 36: An illustration of a Square canopy. © Tom Hill

98. Semi Elliptical – Also known as Slightly Tapered. Where the ends are tapered so they are narrower than the middle.

Figure 37: An illustration of a Semi Elliptical/Slightly Tapered Canopy. Note the rounded tips. © Tom Hill

99. Fully Elliptical – Also known as Highly Tapered. Where the ends of the Canopy are shorter than the centre. A characteristic of high performance canopies.

Figure 38: an illustration of a Fully Elliptical/Highly Tapered canopy. Note the difference in rounding of the tips compared to Figure 33, a Semi Elliptical/Lightly Tapered Canopy. © Tom Hill

100. Cross Braced – Found on high performance canopies used for swooping and piloted by very experienced jumpers. The cross bracing is reinforcement to increase the strength and rigidity of the canopy wing.

101. 7 Cell Canopy – A Canopy with 7 cells. Used for Canopy Formation and for Reserves. Their use on Reserves is so the Canopy is docile and has a lower pack volume.

102. 9 Cell Canopy – The most common configuration of Main Canopies and allow a range of performances and designs.

Section 6.3 – Line Types

103. The Line Type used on a canopy varies with the performance of the Canopy. High Performance Canopies are likely to use Vectran® or HMA whereas normal sports Canopies are likely to use Microline also known as Spectra® however Vectran® is being used on normal sports canopies. Not all line types are available on every type of canopy. The strength of the line is determined by the preceding number for example 550 Microline states this is Microline with a 550 lb breaking strain.

104. Dacron® – Dacron® is the largest and most forgiving of the lines. While it is the bulkiest of the lines and will increase the pack volume, the lines stretch which give softer openings and is a popular choice on student equipment. Dacron® does not deform due to heat meaning the Canopy will retain its trim however it has a low abrasion resistance. When it wears, it turns a dull grey and has numerous frayed edges.

105. Microline – Also known as Spectra®. Microline is found on many sports canopies and has the highest abrasion resistance of any line type. However, it will shrink with usage meaning the canopy will become out of trim. When this happens, the line set will need replacing. Relative to size, Microline is stronger than Dacron®.

106. Vectran® – Often used on high performance canopies although is used on normal sports canopies. It has a slightly orange colour although do not confuse this with Orange Vectran® which is used on high performance canopies. Vectran® holds its trim as it does not shrink with heat however it susceptible to abrasion damage.

107. HMA (High Modulus Aramid) – Commonly known as HMA which is an acronym for High Modulus Aramid and sometimes known by the brand name Technora®. Similar to Vectran® however it has a slightly lower pack volume and less drag. HMA has poor resistance to Ultraviolet light unless it is treated.

Section 7 – The Reserve, Primary Reserve Deployment System, Auxiliary Reserve Deployment Systems and Automatic Activation Device

108. The Reserve and its deployment system is the final line of defence. The system is designed to deploy reliably and eliminate as many malfunctions as possible. A Spring Loaded Pilot Chute prevents Pilot Chute hesitation in order to clear the burble, a Freebag and safety stow prevents a bag lock malfunction, a wide Bridle helps with a clean deployment and a 6 monthly inspection cycle ensure the system is in perfect condition. A square 7 cell canopy is docile and has a lower pack volume. There are only a small number of options on the Reserve System with these being around the Reserve Static Line and Main Assisted Reserve Deployment.

109. You must be at least BS Advanced Packer to pack or assemble a Reserve Canopy and a BS Advanced Rigger to undertake work on the Reserve System.

110. A Reserve Repack is more than a packing of the Reserve Canopy, it is full inspection of the Reserve, the Harness and Container to ensure there is no damage and it is airworthy. Remember, not equipment must be in the air and your life depends on the Reserve – it is literally your final chance.

Section 7.1 – Primary Reserve Deployment System

111. Spring Loaded Pilot Chute – The Spring Loaded Pilot Chute ensures there is no pilot chute hesitation and ensures a swift deployment. The Spring Loaded Pilot Chute is ripcord deployed which can be Steel or blue Spectra® cord. The Pilot Chute can be fully exposed (often called a Pop Top) partially exposed or completely covered.

Figure 39: Spring Loaded Reserve Pilot Chute. © Tom Hill

112. Freebag – The Freebag houses the Reserve Canopy.

Figure 40: Reserve Freebag. © Tom Hill

113. Integrated Risers – The Reserve Risers are part of the Skydiving Harness and cannot be detached. They are manufactured from the same material as the Harness.

Figure 41: Integrated Reserve Risers made out of Type 7 Webbing (identified by the yellow tracer thread). © Tom Hill

Section 7.2 – Auxiliary Reserve Deployment System

114. The Auxiliary Reserve Deployment System is the Reserve Static Line and the Main Assisted Reserve Deployment system if fitted. These are back up devices however a Main Assisted Reserve Deployment system is designed to speed up the deployment of the Reserve Canopy and reduce the altitude lost by using the Main Canopy as an enormous Pilot Chute.

115. Reserve Static Line (RSL) – Commonly abbreviated to RSL. A mandatory system for BS A Licence holders and Students. The Reserve Static Line is attached to the Main Riser using a snap hook or Mallion® (generally found on student equipment). The Reserve Static Line will pull the Reserve Ripcord which will then in turn pull the Reserve Pin or on Skyhook® ready containers, pull the Reserve Pin directly. You must be at least a BS B-Licence to jump a Rig that does not have a Reserve Static Line or jump a Rig that has it disconnected.

116. Main Assisted Reserve Deployment – One of the very few options available on a Reserve system. Main Assisted Reserve Deployment is designed to use the Main Canopy as an enormous Pilot Chute to extract the Reserve Canopy from the Container faster than the Spring Loaded Pilot Chute. This option is not offered by all manufacturers. Some manufacturers use the Skyhook® Main Assisted Reserve Deployment while others have developed their own using pins and tabs on the Reserve Bridle or a snare system to grip the Reserve Bridle. Some containers cannot be retrofitted with Main Assisted Reserve Deployment options. In all cases, the objective is to extract your Reserve Parachute quicker.

117. Skyhook® – The Skyhook® was the first Main Assisted Reserve Deployment available and was developed by United Parachute Technologies. In addition to extracting the Reserve faster, it uses the Collins Lanyard® to release the other riser the Skyhook® system is not attached to helping prevent a Main-Reserve entanglement. The Skyhook® requires a specially designed container. Some manufacturers do not offer the Skyhook® option.

Figure 42: A Skyhook® on a Reserve Bridle prior to assembly. © Tom Hill

Section 7.3 – Automatic Activation Device (AAD)

118. The Automatic Activation Device, commonly abbreviated to AAD, is a small computer that will cut the Reserve Closing Loop if you are travelling above a certain speed below a certain altitude. There are ones that pull the Reserve Pin however these should be avoided by sports skydivers. However they are found on student and Static Line equipment.

119. Some Automatic Activation Devices have a mandatory service period either after a certain time period or set number of jumps. At this point, the Automatic Activation Device must be returned to the manufacturer. Do confirm that the Automatic Activation Device fitted or you are about to purchase and have installed is suitable for your Rig. Some manufactures do not permit certain Automatic Activation Devices in their containers.

120. In addition, some Automatic Activation Devices are subject to restrictions by the British Parachute Association. Check with an Advanced Packer or Rigger if this applies to an Automatic Activation Device you are considering purchasing especially if you are buying from outside the UK.

121. Some Automatic Activation Devices have several modes within the same unit whereas some have separate units for different modes or only supply a small number of modes. The modes are generally:

  • a. Student – Used by Student Parachutists and has a higher activation altitude and lower activation speed than the Expert/Pro and Extreme/Speed modes.
  • b. Expert/Pro – Used by most Sports Skydivers.
  • c. Extreme/Speed – Catered towards Swoop Skydivers and has the highest activation speed.
  • d. Tandem – Used by Tandem Instructors
  • e. Changeable/Multimode – An Automatic Activation Device that contains several modes in one unit, generally Student, Expert/Pro, Extreme/Speed and Tandem.
  • f. Wingsuit – A specialist mode designed for Wingsuiters.